Earthling Bulletin #16

by Piter Kehoma Boll

News

Blog

Scientific Articles

(Maybe this will be the last Earthling Bulletin, since I apparently was abandoned by my two colleagues… Anyway, let’s see…)

Leave a Comment

Filed under Bulletins

Friday Fellow: Touch-me-not

by Piter Kehoma Boll

ResearchBlogging.org It’s been a long time since I updated the blog, as you might have noticed, but time is really something I don’t have much lately. I just came back from Argentina yesterday after taking part in COMPORTA 2013, the first Argentinian Congress of Behavioural Biology. Among the several works presented, there was one, by researcher Dr. Monica Gagliano from the University of Western Australia, about memory and learning… in plants!

Well, I’m not here to talk about this subject, but I intend to do a post about this as soon as possible. I want to introduce here the species used by Dr. Gagliano in her study: the touch-me-not Mimosa pudica.

Mimosa pudica with flowers. Photo by Eric Hunt. Extracted from Wikimedia Commons.

Mimosa pudica with flowers. Photo by Eric Hunt. Extracted from Wikimedia Commons.

Neotropical in origin, i.e., native from Central and South America, the touch-me-not is widely known by its capacity to fold its leaves inwards when touched, as a possible mechanism to avoid predation. It’s interesting because most plants (except insectivores) doesn’t show such a quick movement.

In many places, the touch-me-not is cultivated for this charming way to move, and it has also become naturalized all around the world, being considered an invasive species mainly in Southeast and South Asia, Pacific Islands, Tanzania and Australia.

This rapid folding of leaves happens through an action potential running through the plant leaf and reaching a structure at its base, called pulvinus, which makes some cells lose water and thus folding the leaf. Action potentials are basically an electrical current passing through the membrane of a cell. They are far more common in animals, being essential for neurons and muscle cells, but are rare in plants, though existent in some, like the touch-me-not. What if some complex structure like this one could lead, someday, to the evolution of more complex behaviors in plants? Wouldn’t that be cool?

- – -

References:

ROBLIN, G. (1979). Mimosa pudica: A Model for the Study of the Excitability in Plants. Biological Reviews, 54 (2), 135-153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1979.tb00870.x

Wikipedia: Mimosa pudica. Available online at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa_pudica>. Access on April 19, 2013.

Leave a Comment

Filed under Friday Fellow

Earthling Bulletin #15

by Piter Kehoma Boll

(Sorry again for the kind of small bulletin. It’s been a hard time to dedicate much time to the blog! =/ )

Tetrahymena thermophila, a ciliate with seven sexes!

Tetrahymena thermophila, a ciliate with seven sexes! Picture by Robinson R (2006), extracted from blogs.plos.org/biologue/

News

Blog

Art

  • Evolution of Horse, by Chen Yu. A nice cladogram available for download in a good resolution.

Books

  • Biobiblioteca, for facebook users, a facebook page with several ebooks about Biology, Astronomy, Sci-Fi and science in general to download. Take a look!

Scientific Articles

Leave a Comment

Filed under Bulletins

In response to JP4’s “no feathers” statement

by Carlos Augusto Chamarelli

Hi everyone, it’s me yet again after a long break, which isn’t over, actually. This isn’t a real article as I still need to write one properly, this is merely me passing by to drop my thoughts on the latest controversy of the dinoverse, that is, the revelation that Jurassic Park 4 would not feature feathered dinosaurs.

This sole comment sparked the rage of dino-fans everywhere and incited then to rant and slit their wrists over it. And I’m here today, as a good dino-fan, to post my opinion too, which is as follow: So what?

First of all, it’s not like Jurassic Park was accurate to begin with: the T.rex had the wrong skull shape and was basically blind, the Velociraptors are super intelligent and really meant to be Deinonychus, there’s the rearing Brachiosaurus that produced one of the most magical moments in movie history and there was the complete twisting of what a Dilophosaurus looks like.

You know who you are. Extracted from jptoys.com

You know who you are. Extracted from jptoys.com

But as I stated in previous articles, what made Jurassic Park so special is that, despite their glaring inaccuracies, the way they meld to the scenery and the details in their models, real or CGI, made them incredibly realistic and life-like. Everybody loved it no matter what, even without this “fair for its time” crap because even then we knew the dinosaurs there were off.

Not to mention that if they did decided to put feathered dinosaurs in the new sequel, they would have a hell of a hard time explaining just why.

“Oh, but see, they evolved between movies!”

How is that even remotely explanatory? If that’s how it went then they are Pokémons, not dinosaurs!

“So how do you explain the different dinosaur colors in The Lost World”

Have you been NOT paying attention in the first movie? The dinosaurs were able to change genders thanks to the idiot-ball move of messing the dino-DNA with amphibian DNA, because they are obviously fish. The supposedly “new” colors we saw in the sequels are the male individuals making an appearance, not replacements of the older looks. This is supported by the fact that we do see some of the females again, such as the T.rex and Raptor both sporting their drab, brown-colored skin as they appeared in the first movie.

And I shall use Comic Sans to taunt those who whine about Comic Sans.

And I shall use Comic Sans to taunt those who whine about Comic Sans.

Also, why does everybody hate this movie? Is it because of Kelly? It’s because of Kelly, isn’t it?

“What about JP3?”

Screw JP3, it’s a fanfiction in movie format. The male Brachiosaurus looks like it’s covered in mucus. (But I liked the Corythosaurus and Ankylosaurus)

Seriously, I can’t stand you in Operation Genesis without mods. Extracted from jurassicparkwikia.com

Seriously, I can’t stand you in Operation Genesis without mods, and even then nothing fixes your darn neck. Extracted from jurassicparkwikia.com

Anyway, in JP3 we are presented some contradictions from previous movies; for instance we have toothed Pteranodons in a giant cage as opposed to the free flyers that appear for a few seconds at the ending of The Lost World. And then there’s the Raptors. What we see in JP3 Raptor’s is in fact a poor previous attempt to please the paleo-nazis (read: the “not accurate, thereof it sucks” variety of dino-fans, which I admit are the main reason I stay away from forums and such) by putting feathers on dinosaurs.

As far as their definition of “feathers” goes… Extracted from liveauctioneers.com

As far as their definition of “feathers” goes… Extracted from liveauctioneers.com

On top of that their colors were revamped, with the males being blue with a white streak and the female is yellowish white with dark brown spots. That was bad for continuity. Unless this was meant to be a new species or some BS of that caliber, there was absolutely no good reason to put them there other than make the movie grow even more apart from the franchise that it already did in its own. And that’s exactly would happen if they appeared fully feathered in the new sequel. It goes something like “they changed it, now it sucks/they didn’t changed it, now it sucks” situation, so they might as well be true to the original.

Actually, that’s an interesting point. People always complain about the discrepancies between the novels and the movies, and wished the movies were like the novesl. That too would imply making unfeathered dinosaurs. Or worse, making Tyrannosaurus have to stay in the shadows during the day because of the sensitive skin. That was honestly the worst thing I’ve ever read.

So my point is: complaining about JP4 dinosaurs being unfeathered is just as silly as complaining that the new Star Wars movies will sound effects in space battles like its predecessors. Just imagine how fun-packed that would that be the other way around.

What’s the fun in doing fiction if you can’t go wild with it? It’s called science FICTION, people, PLEASE. The very definition of fiction says it’s “an imaginative creation or a pretense that does not represent actuality but has been invented.” I.e.NOT NECESSARILY REAL. If you can’t understand what this means then perhaps you should too abstain from watching other sci-fi movies? Then it’s no Star Wars, no Back to the Future, no Star Trek, no Alien, no Predator, no Alien vs. Predator, no The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, no Spider-Man, no nothing for you. All you have are boring romance movies that are just as fictious and other films that offer no escape from reality whatsoever.

If you complain about the dinosaurs being unfeathered are unrealistic, what about the whole concept of Jurassic Park itself? After all there’s the terrible, terrible news that ancient DNA doesn’t survive that long.

And I know it’s kind of ironic to dismiss the “they evolved in the meantime” BS and then defend the “fiction” in “science fiction”, but remember, you’re the one complaining about realism in the first place.

“Oh, you’re just saying that because you’re old-fashioned as heck and like scaly dinosaurs.”

Yes, I do like scaly dinosaurs. That doesn’t mean I’ll show a JP Raptor if someone asks me what a Velociraptor really looked like, just as I won’t refer to Megapnosaurus as Syntarsus, despite the latter name being much better.

The thing doesn't even have a decent picture on the internet, so here's a picture of Megapnosaurus when it was still Syntarsus instead. Extracted from dinossaurosecia.blogspot.com

The beetle Syntarsus thing doesn’t even have a decent picture on the internet, so here’s a picture of Megapnosaurus when it was still Syntarsus instead. Extracted from dinossaurosecia.blogspot.com

So you know what I will do when Jurassic Park 4 hit the screens? I will WATCH it. I’ll watch it with an open mind, disregarding other’s generic contempt and the movie that came before it. And who knows, maybe even if it ends up being as retarded as some expect I’ll enjoy it, just like I enjoyed other movies that everyone labels as horrible.

Deal with it. Extracted from imdb.com

Deal with it. Extracted from imdb.com

So these are my opnions regarding the future installment of the Jurassic Park franchise. As usual, questions, compliment, critics or whining goes into the comments, and I’ll do my best to answer. And don’t worry; a decent article will be posted. Eventually.

See ya!

2 Comments

Filed under Critics

Earthling Bulletin #14

by Piter Kehoma Boll

You have sex, loose your penis and it grows back the day after. That happens with this sea slug. Photo by Matthew Oldfield, extracted from nature.com

You have sex, lose your penis and it grows back the day after. That happens with this sea slug. Photo by Matthew Oldfield, extracted from nature.com

News

Blog

Art

Scientific Articles

Leave a Comment

Filed under Bulletins

Friday Fellow: Violaceous Longhorned Beetle

by Piter Kehoma Boll

ResearchBlogging.org Beetles are the most species-rich group of living beings on our planet, so it’s time for Friday Fellow bring you a representative of them. I’ve chosen my favorite species, the violaceous longhorned borer Compsocerus violaceus (White, 1853).

Isn't it a beautiful creature? Photo by Silvio Tanaka*. Extracted from flickr.com/photos/tanaka/87228732/

Isn’t it a beautiful creature? Photo by Silvio Tanaka*. Extracted from flickr.com/photos/tanaka/87228732/

With a beautiful pair of metallic blue elythra and an orange body with long antennae bearing a black tuft, this species is very charismatic and appears during spring and summer here in southern Brazil, being usually seen on trees, especially from November to January. When grabbed or let inside a closed hand, it uses to emit a sound like consecutive short squeaks, which may be the reason why it is also called “besouro guitarrista” (guitarist beetle).

Despite its cuteness, however, it is considered an agricultural pest, attacking trees from different species, including acacias, eucalypts, willows, fig trees, citrus trees and peach trees.

Adults feed on fruits and sap leaking from injured trunks, while larvae feed on the wood itself, constructing galleries in it.

When ready to make the posture, females walk over branches searching for cracks in the bark to lay the eggs, sometimes making small transversal cuts for the same purpose. They use to lay eggs on the same tree where they emerged. Eggs are laid isolated, but many of them can be left on the same branch. Each female lays about 60 to 130 eggs.

As the larvae grow and increase their gallery inside the wood, the branch shows significant changes in aspect, with the bark becoming darker and leaves yellower.

In cases where too many larvae are present in a branch, it usually dies and may even break off the tree due to the damage caused.

Who has the responsability for turning this lovely species into a pest? We, humans, of course. Since we plant hundreds of trees together in large orchards, we are kind of advertising “tons of food here”. And when they come, we blame it on them.


References:

Garcia, H. A. 1994. Ocorrência e danos de Compsocerus violaceus (White, 1853) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) em pomar de citros. Anais das Escolas de Agronomia e Veterinária, 24 (1), 148-153

Garcia, A. H., & Cunha, M. G. 1994. Comportamento da população de Compsocerus violaceus (White, 1853) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) em relação a fauna de cerambicídeos coletados em pomares de citros. Anais das Escolas de Agronomia e Veterinária, 24 (1), 154-163

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Generic License.

Leave a Comment

Filed under Friday Fellow

A tree is more than just a tree

by Piter Kehoma Boll

ResearchBlogging.org Most ordinary people think of a tree as just that, a tree, a big plant with a hard tall stem which provides shade and oxygen and sometimes beautiful flowers or delicious fruits. So, it may not seem such a big issue to cut a tree and plant another to compensate that. After all, in some years that seedling will grow and replace completely the role of its precursor.

However, if you look closer, you’ll find that a tree is so much more than just a tree. You may see that there are other things growing on it, like epiphytic ferns, bromeliads, orchids, mosses, mushrooms, lichens, and mistletoes. And you can also find many animals eating or living on it as well, for example birds, spiders, harvestmen, insects, tree frogs, and even land planarians!

Moss and fungi growing over an orange tree. You can see some (out of focus) oranges in the background.

Moss and fungi growing on an orange tree. You can see some (out of focus) oranges in the background. Photo by Piter Kehoma Boll.*

Many invertebrate and epiphytic plant communities are highly dependent on the age of the trees, as well as on the tree species richness in forests. Saproxylic insects, i.e., those that live on dead wood, such as fungus gnats and beetles, are common in old forests. The same happens to lichens and, as they become established, they offer a range of food and nesting habitats for a lot of invertebrates.

An epiphytic fern over the same orange tree. Photo by Piter Kehoma Boll.

An epiphytic fern over the same orange tree. Photo by Piter Kehoma Boll.*

As many invertebrates associated to old-growth forest are highly specialized, having a strong link with their host tree, they are very susceptible to forest fragmentation. That’s one of the reasons why a seedling cannot replace the ecological role of an old tree.

This feather tells us a bird has passed around here.

This feather tells us a bird has passed around here. Photo by Piter Kehoma Boll.*

Some studies have also shown that the whole community of organisms associated to trees, including epiphytic plants and invertebrates from the canopy and the leaf litter around it, can be influenced by intraspecific genetic variation of trees, i.e., even trees from the same species can have different organisms on and around them depending on their individual set of genes. This has implications for the whole ecosystem, since genetic diversity of trees influence the species diversity of the whole ecosystem.

So the next time you see a tree being cut, remember that it’s not just a tree being cut, but a whole community being put to death. And I hope that it will make you and other people to think a little bit more before doing something that looks far more trivial than it really is.

- – -

References:

Moeed, A., & Meads, M. J. 1983. Invertebrate fauna of four tree species in Orongorongo Valley, New Zealand, as revealed by trunk traps. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 6, 39-53

Walsh, N. 2012. A preliminary study into the use of canopy invertebrates and sampling techniques in relation to forest indicators in a fragmented Scottish woodland – application and management. The Plymouth Student Scientist, 5 (2), 44-79

Zytynska, S., Fay, M., Penney, D., & Preziosi, R. (2011). Genetic variation in a tropical tree species influences the associated epiphytic plant and invertebrate communities in a complex forest ecosystem. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366 (1569), 1329-1336 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0183

Creative Commons License
These works are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Leave a Comment

Filed under Conservation, Ecology